Assessments are embedded in cultural context, requiring attention to sociocultural factors to ensure cultural validity (accurate measurement for specific groups) and, if required, cross-cultural validity across contexts. These challenges are especially salient when assessments are translated, adapted, or localized, creating tension between reducing bias and preserving construct fidelity. This interactive session presents a practical framework for translation, adaptation, and localization alongside key psychometric considerations. Participants will evaluate sample items from education and licensure contexts for cultural validity, linguistic equivalence, and risks such as translation bias and construct shift. A brief simulation of multilingual item review (e.g., translatability assessment, in-country review) will mirror real-world workflows. The session concludes with actionable strategies for integrating localization and cultural validity into assessment design and global deployment.